feat(challenges): 新增 ChallengeProgressCard 组件并接入喝水挑战进度上报

- 抽离进度卡片为独立组件，支持主题色自定义与复用
- 挑战列表页顶部展示进行中的挑战进度
- 喝水记录自动上报至关联的水挑战
- 移除旧版 challengeSlice 与冗余进度样式
- 统一使用 value 字段上报进度，兼容多类型挑战

app/_layout.tsx

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { setupQuickActions } from '@/services/quickActions';
 import { initializeWaterRecordBridge } from '@/services/waterRecordBridge';
 import { WaterRecordSource } from '@/services/waterRecords';
 import { store } from '@/store';
+import { fetchChallenges } from '@/store/challengesSlice';
 import { fetchMyProfile, setPrivacyAgreed } from '@/store/userSlice';
 import { createWaterRecordAction } from '@/store/waterSlice';
 import { ensureHealthPermissions, initializeHealthPermissions } from '@/utils/health';
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ function Bootstrapper({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
     loadUserData();
     initHealthPermissions();
     initializeNotifications();
+    dispatch(fetchChallenges());
     // 冷启动时清空 AI 教练会话缓存
     clearAiCoachSessionCache();